Scientists Find ‘Monster’ Black Hole So Big They Didn’t Think it Was Possible

 

Until recently, scientists did not think it was possible for a stellar black hole to have a mass larger than 20 times that of the sun, an approximation based on their understanding of the way stars evolve and die in the Milky Way.

But that assumption was metaphorically crushed in the gravity of a “monster” black hole that a group of Chinese-led international scientists discovered inside our own galaxy. The hole has a mass 70 times that of the sun, researchers said in their late-2019 study published in the journal Nature.

“No one has ever seen a 70-solar-mass stellar black hole anywhere,” Joel Bregman, one of the study authors and a professor of astronomy at the University of Michigan, said in an interview. “This is the first.” 

Black holes form when a star runs out of fuel and collapses on itself, creating a strong gravitational pull that prevents anything — even light — from escaping. In the process, those stars lose much of their mass, producing black holes that reflect their diminished size.

The newly discovered black hole, named LB-1 by the team of researchers who published the study, is located 15,000 light-years from earth, according to a news release. And it is huge.

“Black holes of such mass should not even exist in our Galaxy, according to most of the current models of stellar evolution,” Liu Jifeng, a professor at the National Astronomical Observatory of China, said in a news release from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “… Now theorists will have to take up the challenge of explaining its formation.” 

Previously, about two dozen black holes have been discovered and studied in our galaxy using X-ray technology that detects a bright light emitted when a black hole eats a neighboring star. While successful, this process limited scientists’ ability to find more black holes because the vast majority of them in our galaxy are not actively consuming other stars.

LB-1 was discovered by China’s Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), which has provided scientists with a new way to find the estimated 100 million black holes in the Milky Way. LAMOST enables researchers to detect black holes by first tracking stars that are orbiting something invisible to more than the naked eye, such as a black hole. 

When LAMOST identified a star orbiting LB-1, the team next used the world’s largest telescopes — from the United States and Spain — to take a closer look at the system. The results, according to the news release, were “nothing short of fantastic.”

There are two kinds of black holes. Stellar black holes, like LB-1, are made from the evolution and death of stars, which rarely exceed 150 times the mass of the sun when they are born, Bregman said. There are also supermassive black holes, which almost always live in the center of galaxies and range from a million to a few billion times the mass of the sun.

Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, has a supermassive black hole in the center that has a mass of about 4 million suns. How supermassives form is unclear, Bregman said, but it’s possible they are created when stellar black holes merge. 

Black holes are basically the most mysterious objects in the cosmos,” Shep Doeleman, the director of the global Event Horizon Telescope array, has previously told The Washington Post. Even Albert Einstein almost didn’t believe they were real, he said, even though it was his theory of general relativity that helped predict them more than 100 years ago.

Black holes are “the most exotic animals in the cosmological zoo,” Doeleman said; scientists can learn a great deal about the universe by studying what they eat and how they behave.

Bregman said scientists are always trying to learn more about the birth and death of stars, and the discovery of one as large as LB-1 could inform that process.

“Is this object extremely unusual? Or is it more common than we thought?” Bregman said. “If we look at 20 [black holes] and find two of three of these things, that would be truly amazing. It would change ideas of how massive stars evolve and die.”

The study suggests some potential explanations, including the “exciting possibility” that LB-1 might actually consist of two black holes orbiting each other, though Bregman said that would be rare. The study also points to a phenomenon known as fallback supernova, which means that during the supernova stage of a star’s evolution — when it explodes — it only loses a fraction of its mass and the rest falls back into the black hole, increasing its size.

Another option, one Bregman thinks is most likely, is that a very large star did not shed its normal amount of matter as it evolved and before it became a black hole.

“This has big implications for the evolution, the final days, of massive stars,” Bregman said.